Section-A

This course builds a strong physics foundation for engineering students across five interconnected units. Wave Optics explores interference, diffraction, and polarization of light with engineering applications. Crystallography examines atomic arrangements in crystal structures, packing fractions, Miller indices, and X-ray diffraction. Dielectric and Magnetic Materials covers polarization mechanisms, the Clausius-Mossotti relation, and classification of magnetic materials including hysteresis and domain theory. Quantum Mechanics and Free Electron Theory introduces de Broglie waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Schrödinger's equation, and Fermi-Dirac statistics to explain electrical conductivity. Semiconductors applies band theory to intrinsic and extrinsic materials, carrier transport, and the Hall effect — providing the physics behind modern electronic devices.